Distortion of the American Dream in The Great Gatsby Essay -- Essays o

In the past the American Dream was an inspiration to many an(prenominal), young and old. To live out the American Dream was what once was on the minds of many Americans. In The Great Gatsby, the American Dream was presented as a corrupted version of what used to be a pure and honest ideal mode to live. The idea that the American Dream was about the wealth and the possessions one had been ingrained, somehow, into the minds of Americans during the 1920s. As a result of the distortion of the American Dream, the characters of F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel, The Great Gatsby along with many others, lived sustenance fully be lyingving in the American Dream, becoming completely immersed in it and in the end suffered great tragedies. Around the 1920s many Americans outlook on demeanor began to change. The American Dream gave them something to fight for, a chance to achieve fame, power, or fortune(Daeleiden 11), a chance to climb above their previous exten sion in terms of the social ladder. Even though it was superficial, Gatsbys outlook on life was something that could be labelight-emitting diode as optimistic. However as optimistic as it was, Gatsby was ignorant to the truths hovering around him. Although Gatsbys intentions were good many times he became confused in what he really wished for. Gatsby believed that if he overcame the poverty of his early life and became someone new he would be able to capture the heart of his beloved Daisy, a woman whose materialistic outlook on life led Gatsby to extremities. Gatsby threw around large amounts of money as if it was nothing in an attempt to win over the heart of his beloved Daisy. He even threw incredibly consume parties in hope that Daisy would attend one giving him t... ...kest way possible. To have an easy life without having to make an effort and to obtain all the materialist possessions within your ability. The remnant between Fiztgeralds American d ream and the Contemporary Dream is that one exemplifies the results rather then the process. Fitzgeralds American Dream is mostly portrayed as a miracle followed by a demise while the Contemporary Dream is more of a lack of effort in the achieving of a superficial American Dream. The similarities however lie in the materialism of the corrupted American Dream. What was once a pure dream became the race to becoming wealthy in ever possible way. two Fitzgerald and the Contemporary Dream emphasize the possessions of one. Fitzgerald however looks at this in a negative way while the other presents materialism as positive and a necessity to achieving the American Dream.

The Passing Of Arthur And Excalibur :: essays research papers

John Boorman adapted the Passing of Arthur in the movieExcalibur. Movies are not the only adaptations of Tennysonspoem but on that point are several art and music adaptations. Examplesof these adaptations include music by Loreena McKennit andpaintings by John William Waterhouse, Howard Pyle and ArthurRackham. In Bela Balazss Art Form and Material Balazs statesthat a good adaptation is a reinterpretation of the original. Boorman uses nature and color to recreate the atmosphere of theoriginal text. These techniques enhance the richness of themovie, provide a more in attainment view of Arthurs life and make thesetting more interesting.Tennysons descriptive writing allows the reader to form detailed pictures. The atmosphere Tennyson creates focuses a destinyon the beauty of nature. During the scene when Bedivere throwsExcalibur in the lake he describes the area with zigzag paths,and juts of pointed rock, the shining levels of the lake...the pass moon, long cloud and frost. He produc es an atmosphere ofbleakness and despair. Tennyson concentrates on the image of the winter moon whileBedivere tries to get rid of the Excalibur. This picture makesthe reader think that the setting is a winter night. Accordingto Websters dictionary, winter symbolizes of coldness, misery ordeath. Winter is the season when living things die. The moononly comes out during the night. At night people rest fromtheir busy lives and do nothing. nighttime closely related to winterbecause both are very dark and bleak times. The lack of scintillationshows the sadness happening to Arthur. As Arthur passes the onlylight he has comes from the winter moon. The reader gets thefeeling that Arthur is heading there. Tennyson chooses darkwords and images to create a very desolate and gloomy setting.Sidney Lumet states in Making Movies there are nounimportant decisions in a movie. Production designers put alot of effort to recreate the original text. The setting is avery important factor in making a m ovie. It contributes to muchof the style of a movie. Settings reflects many of the directorsinsights and opinions. There are times where the director goesto great lengths alone to form the perfect scene. They leave nodetail spared. According to Lumet, a directors goal is tocreate a setting so that the audience feels apart of the moviesworld. When the director needs to find a setting for his/her movieLumet recommends to find places that are closest to what youwant to end up with. If the setting needs to be changed it canchange the atmosphere and become expensive too. Art direction

Grandma :: essays research papers

GrandmaAs I drifted down the hallway, it picturemed endless. With my stomach in my throat I walked. I could not expression my feet hitting the ground, nor notice anyone around me. I just walked. The smell of the place was intoxicating. It reminded me of insulin or disinfectant spray. I entered her room it was dark. The sound of beeping machines echoed in my ears. I walked to her bed. She was quiescence soundly. Her body was frail and looked as if she was bone covered with skin. She was weak and tired. The cancer had been eating away at her, slowly devouring her body, life and spirit. She had been sick for a couple of months now. I hated visiting, seeing her so sick it made my stomach churn. I stayed with her at the hospital for a short time visiting. I hated seeing her, my grandma, that way. She was sick from the cancer that came back and this time it was worse.The cancer began in the fall months of 1992. My grandma had felt a hard, pea-sized lump on her breast. She preceded to s ee a specialist, Dr. Whall. What she heard wasnt exactly what she had expected. She had breast cancer. I didnt expect it either. I was scared for her, scared for me. She was my closest friend, and my confidant and I love her very much. I spent a lot of time with her. What would I do if I muddled her? Fortunately the cancer didnt take her away. She lost her hair and her left breast, but she made full recovery.My grandma was as good as new. She and I spent even more time together. I cherished every minute of it, trying not to take it for granted. We went to garage sales in the summer and cooked pies in the winter. Our favorite thing to do was to reside butterflies in her garden. She was the wisest woman I knew always giving me the best advice. Wether her advice was about boys, friends, or other aspects of life she was almost always right. Everything between us was absolute again. My grandma had been in remission for nine years. She always went for a yearly check up with Dr. Whall. Every year the tests came back topnotch. She was in perfect health. however the good health was short lived, when she went for a check up in 2001.

International Development Ethics Essay -- Ecology Ecological Environme

ABSTRACT I discuss the nature and genesis of international study ethics as well as its current areas of consensus, controversies, challenges, and agenda. A relatively new field of applied ethics, international development ethics is estimable reflection on the ends and means of socioeconomic change in scant(p) countries and regions. It has several sources criticism of colonialism and post-World War II developmental strategies Denis Goulets writings Anglo-American philosophical debates about the ethics of famine relief and Paul Streetens and Amartya Sens approaches to development. Development ethicists agree that the honorable dimension of development theory and practice is just as important as the scientific and policy components. What is often called development (e.g., economic growth) may be bad for people, communities, and the environment. Hence, the process of development should be reconceived as beneficial change, usually specified as alleviating human misery and environmenta l degradation in unretentive countries.The Nature of Development EthicsNational policymakers, project managers and international aid donors involved in development in poor countries often confront moral questions in their work. Development scholars recognize that social-scientific theories of development and underdevelopment have ethical or as well as empirical and policy components. Development philosophers and other ethicists formulate ethical principles relevant to social change in poor countries, analyze and assess the moral dimensions of development theories and seek to resolve the moral quandaries raised in development policies and practice In what direction and by what means should a society develop? Who is morally responsible for bene... ...n, MA Lexington Books.Nussbaum, M. and J. Glover (eds.) (1995) Women, Culture and Development, Oxford Clarendon Press.______ and A. Sen (eds.) (1993) The Quality of Life, Oxford Clarendon Press.ONeill, O. (1993) Ending World Hunger, in T. Regan (ed.) Matters of Life and Death, New York London Allen & Unwin.Segal, J.M. (1991) What is Development? in C.V. Blatz (ed.) Ethics and Agriculture An Anthology on Current Issues in World Context, Moscow, ID University of Idaho Press. Sen, A. (1984) Resources, Values and Development, Oxford Blackwell Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.Streeten, P. with Burki, S.J., Haq, M., Hicks, N., and Stewart, F. (1981) frontmost Things First Meeting Basic Needs in Developing Countries, London Oxford University Press.Streeten, P. (1994) Strategies for Human Development, Copenhagen Handelshojskolens.

Lessons Learned from Notes to a Native Son Essay -- James Baldwin

Realizing What Society Really Is Born in 1924, crowd Baldwin grew up in Harlem during harsh racism and the infamous Jim Crow laws. In addition to being surrounded by hate crimes and riots, Baldwin had a rough relationship with his father, who died when Baldwin was only nineteen. xii years after his father?s death, Baldwin wrote an prove, entitled ?Notes of a Native Son,? which described the events that took place around the time of his father?s death. Being whizz of his trademark talents, he also inserted periods of analysis while narrating the story. These insights, often reflections on his life and actions, illustrate the importance of learning to truly understand the society in which one lives in order to react appropriately to one?s current situation in life. James Baldwin noted at the beginning of his essay that he really began thinking about his life and his father?s life when his father passed (63). Just like most rebellious teenagers, he did not alw ays understand his father?s intentions when he was being warned about drugs, white people in general, and other activities that he was specifically warned about and kept away from. Arguments were of course inevitable, and their relationship worsened because James Baldwin kept silent. In fact, the one time that he can remember when they had a real confabulate together was when his father asked him if he really wanted to write instead of being a preacher, like his father (80). Looking back on his childhood, James Baldwin realized that he did not really take any time to get to know his own father, and once he died it was too late. Baldwin also added virtually analysis about father and son relationships, noting that ?It seems to be typical of Ameri... ...is a commonplace? (84). Back in the forties and fifties, and still today, life isn?t fair, and in that respect still exists strong hatred between certain groups of people. Denial of the way society was or is prevents peo ple from taking control of their lives and growing to become soften people despite their respective situation. Baldwin described that personal growth as a continuing fight against those injustices by pushing for complete equality amongst everyone in one?s own life (84). Hatred and discrimination still exist today, but because so many people fought for equality over the past sixty years, changes have occurred to make the pain of realizing how society really was, and how it has become, more bearable.Works CitedBaldwin, James. ?Notes of a Native Son.? 1955. James Baldwin Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York Library of America, 1998. 63-84.

David Henry Hwangs M Butterfly Essay example -- David Henry Hwang M B

David Henry Hwangs M Butterfly Ive scated out the events of my life night after night, always searching for a new ending to my story, one where I will leave this cell and return forever to my Butterflys arms. (Hwang 3.3.1-4) With these words of David Henry Hwangs play M Butterfly, we realize that we have just been staring directly into the memories of Rene Gallimard. The fact that Rene Gallimard serves as the narrator of his memories in the play M Butterfly delivers an impression of the character laughingstock Gallimard than could ever be achieved by the viewing of the screenplay. The existence of Marc in the play as seen from Gallimards perspective, the fact that Gallimard serves as the main organizer of ideas in the play, and the differing roles of Helga in the devil works all lead to very different impressions and interpretations by the reader or viewer.Gallimards narration seems to be the most obvious difference between the image and the play. While reading the play, the aud ience has an opportunity to get to know the personality of Rene Gallimard, as well as his feelings about certain topics. Such insight squeeze out be very crucial in the impression that a character makes on an audience. Gallimards persona is very evident in the opening lines of the play. He remarks ab initio about the dimensions of the cell, the atmosphere, and the living conditions. Immediately, this paints a picture for the reader that is very accurate physically, and the reader sees that Gallimard is straightforward, and says what he means without very much preamble. As the opening scenes develop, we to a fault see the side of Gallimard that is the dreamer. Rene definitely has visions of perfection, and they are demonstrated when he remarks RAlone in this cell, I sit night after night, watching our story play through with(predicate) my head, always searching for a new ending, one which redeems my honor , where she returns at last to my arms.S (1.3.7-11) Gallimard can be classif ied as a dreamer, and not sole(prenominal) because he is confined to a prison cell for many years. He has a vision of how life is supposed to be, and feels rewarded whenhe conforms to a stereotype. For example, he says RI knew this low flower was waiting for me to call, and, as I wickedly refused to do so, I felt the first time that rush of power -- the absolute power of a man.... ... creation necessary to construct the story of the play while the movie simply feeds the audience with information.In conclusion, the audienceUs perception of Rene Gallimard is much different in the play M Butterfly than in the movie of the same title. Although David Henry Hwang wrote both the play and the screenplay, the character development is far greater in the play. The reader mustiness create a picture of Gallimard by his impressions, reactions, and interactions with characters from his past that simply do not exist in the movie. Marc, Gallimards best friend from school, does not exist in the m ovie, but is the voice inside GallimardUs head throughout the play. Helga, who exists in both works, has much more bearing in the book, again shaping the readerUs impression of the good-natured of man that Gallimard really is. The fact that the play employs a narrator and the movie does not leads the reader down a different path, especially when the narrator is Rene Gallimard himself. The benignant mind is one that is capable of creating its own world. When viewing the movie, one sees a sense of Rene GallimardUs world. When reading the play, one understands his world.

David Henry Hwangs M Butterfly Essay example -- David Henry Hwang M B

David Henry Hwangs M Butterfly Ive swindleed out the events of my life night after night, always searching for a saucy refinement to my written report, one where I will leave this cell and return forever to my Butterflys arms. (Hwang 3.3.1-4) With these words of David Henry Hwangs play M Butterfly, we realize that we have just been st are directly into the memories of Rene Gallimard. The fact that Rene Gallimard serves as the narrator of his memories in the play M Butterfly delivers an impression of the character behind Gallimard than could ever be achieved by the wake of the screenplay. The existence of Marc in the play as seen from Gallimards perspective, the fact that Gallimard serves as the main organizer of ideas in the play, and the differing roles of Helga in the two works all lead to very different impressions and interpretations by the reader or viewer.Gallimards narration seems to be the most obvious difference between the photographic film and the play. While readi ng the play, the audience has an probability to get to know the personality of Rene Gallimard, as well as his feelings about certain topics. Such insight can be very crucial in the impression that a character makes on an audience. Gallimards persona is very evident in the opening lines of the play. He remarks initially about the dimensions of the cell, the atmosphere, and the living conditions. Immediately, this paints a opinion for the reader that is very accurate physically, and the reader sees that Gallimard is straightforward, and says what he means without very much preamble. As the opening scenes develop, we also see the side of Gallimard that is the dreamer. Rene definitely has visions of perfection, and they are demonstrated when he remarks RAlone in this cell, I sit night after night, watching our story play through my point in time, always searching for a new ending, one which redeems my honor , where she returns at last to my arms.S (1.3.7-11) Gallimard can be classifi ed as a dreamer, and not only because he is confined to a prison cell for many years. He has a vision of how life is supposed to be, and feels rewarded whenhe conforms to a stereotype. For example, he says RI knew this little flower was waiting for me to call, and, as I wickedly refused to do so, I felt the first time that rush of power -- the absolute power of a man.... ... creation necessary to construct the story of the play while the movie simply feeds the audience with information.In conclusion, the audienceUs perception of Rene Gallimard is much different in the play M Butterfly than in the movie of the same title. Although David Henry Hwang wrote both the play and the screenplay, the character development is far greater in the play. The reader must create a picture of Gallimard by his impressions, reactions, and interactions with characters from his past that simply do not exist in the movie. Marc, Gallimards best friend from school, does not exist in the movie, but is the voice inside GallimardUs head throughout the play. Helga, who exists in both works, has much more bearing in the book, again shaping the readerUs impression of the kind of man that Gallimard really is. The fact that the play employs a narrator and the movie does not leads the reader d protest a different path, especially when the narrator is Rene Gallimard himself. The human mind is one that is capable of creating its own world. When viewing the movie, one sees a sense of Rene GallimardUs world. When reading the play, one understands his world.

Different Types of Database Management System Essay

A infobase can be a redact of flat files terminald on computer tape or disk or it could consist of selective informationbase knock backs that argon managed by a infobase Management System ( database management organisation). There are different types of DBMS products relational, web and vertical, multidimensional, quarry. The most widely comm exclusively used type of DBMS today is the Relational infobase Management Systems (RDBMS). Database management systems (DBMS) are designed to use star of five database structures to volunteer simplistic access to information stored in databases.The five database structures are the hierarchical feigning, he network model, the relational model, the multidimensional model, and the object model. Inverted lists and other methods are also used. A given database management system may provide one or to a greater extent of the five models. The optimal structure depends on the natural organization of the activitys data, and on the applicat ions requirements, which include transaction rate ( race), reliability, maintainability, scalability, and cost. Hierarchical Model The hierarchical data model organizes data in a tree structure. There is a hierarchy of parent and child data segments.This structure implies that a register can have repeating information, gener tout ensembley in the child data segments. Data in a series of records, which have a set of field values attached to it. It collects all the instances of a specific record together as a record type. These record types are the equivalent of tables in the relational model, and with the individual records being the equivalent of rows. To create links mingled with these record types, the hierarchical model uses Parent Child Relationships. These are a 1N mapping between record types. This is done by using trees, like set theory used in the relational model, borrowed from maths.For example, an organization might store information about an employee, such as name, emp loyee number, department, salary. The organization might also store information about an employees children, such as name and date of birth. The employee and children data forms a hierarchy, where the employee data represents the parent segment and the children data represents the child segment. If an employee has terce children, then there would be three child segments associated with one employee segment. In a hierarchical database the parent-child relationship is one to many.This restricts a child segment to having only one parent segment. Hierarchical DBMSs were popular from the late 1960s, with the introduction of IBMs Information Management System (IMS) DBMS, through the 1970s. The hierarchical structure was used in early mainframe DBMS. Records relationships form a treelike model. This structure is simple but nonflexible because the relationship is confined to a one-to-many relationship. IBMs IMS system and the RDM Mobile are examples of a hierarchical database system with quaternate hierarchies over the same data. RDM Mobile is a stark nakedly designed embedded database for a mobile computer system.The hierarchical structure is used primarily today for storing geographic information and file systems. Network Model The popularity of the network data model coincided with the popularity of the hierarchical data model. somewhat data were more naturally modeled with more than one parent per child. So, the network model permitted the modeling of many-to-many relationships in data. In 1971, the Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL) formally defined the network model. The basic data modeling construct in the network model is the set construct. A set consists of an owner record type, a set name, and a member record type.A member record type can have that role in more than one set, hence the multiparent concept is supported. An owner record type can also be a member or owner in another set. The data model is a simple network, and link and intersect ion record types (called junction records by IDMS) may exist, as well as sets between them . Thus, the double-dyed(a) network of relationships is represented by some(prenominal) pairwise sets in each set some (one) record type is owner (at the tail of the network arrow) and one or more record types are members (at the head of the relationship arrow).Usually, a set defines a 1M relationship, although 11 is permitted. The CODASYL network model is based on mathematical set theory. The network structure consists of more entangled relationships. Unlike the hierarchical structure, it can relate to many records and accesses them by following one of several paths. In other words, this structure allows for many-to-many relationships. Relational Model (RDBMS relational database management system) A database based on the relational model developed by E. F. Codd. A relational database allows the definition of data structures, storage and retrieval operations and integrity constraints.In suc h a database the data and relations between them are arrange in tables. A table is a collection of records and each record in a table contains the same fields. Properties of Relational Tables Values Are nuclear Each Row is Unique Column Values Are of the Same Kind The Sequence of Columns is Insignificant The Sequence of Rows is Insignificant Each Column Has a Unique Name Certain fields may be designated as underlyings, which means that hunt clubes for specific values of that field will use indexing to speed them up.Where fields in two different tables take values from the same set, a join operation can be performed to select related records in the two tables by matching values in those fields. Often, but not always, the fields will have the same name in both tables. For example, an orders table might contain (customer-ID, product-code) pairs and a products table might contain (product-code, price) pairs so to calculate a given customers bill you would sum the prices of all produc ts ordered by that customer by joining on the product-code fields of the two tables.This can be extended to joining multiple tables on multiple fields. Because these relationships are only specified at retreival time, relational databases are classed as dynamic database management system. The RELATIONAL database model is based on the Relational Algebra. The relational structure is the most commonly used today. It is used by mainframe, midrange and microcomputer systems. It uses two-dimensional rows and columns to store data. The tables of records can be connected by common key values. While working for IBM, E. F. Codd designed this structure in 1970.The model is not easy for the end user to run queries with because it may require a complex combination of many tables. Multidimensional structure The multidimensional structure is similar to the relational model. The dimensions of the cube-like model have data relating to elements in each cell. This structure gives a spreadsheet-like vi ew of data. This structure is easy to maintain because records are stored as fundamental attributes in the same way they are viewed and the structure is easy to understand. Its high work has made it the most popular database structure when it comes to enabling online analytical processing (OLAP).Object/Relational Model Object/relational database management systems (ORDBMSs) add new object storage capabilities to the relational systems at the core of modern information systems. These new facilities integrate management of traditional fielded data, complex objects such as time-series and geospatial data and diverse binary media such as audio, video, images, and applets. By encapsulating methods with data structures, an ORDBMS server can execute comple x analytical and data manipulation operations to search and transform multimedia and other complex objects.As an evolutionary technology, the object/relational (OR) approach has inherited the robust transaction- and performance-manage ment features of it s relational ancestor and the tractability of its object-oriented cousin. Database designers can work with old(prenominal) tabular structures and data definition languages (DDLs) while assimilating new object-management possibi lities. Query and procedural languages and call interfaces in ORDBMSs are familiar SQL3, vendor procedural languages, and ODBC, JDBC, and proprie tary call interfaces are all extensions of RDBMS languages and interfaces.And the leading vendors are, of course, quite well known IBM, Inform ix, and Oracle. The object oriented structure has the ability to address graphics, pictures, voice and text, types of data, without difficultly unlike the other database structures. This structure is popular for multimedia Web-based applications. It was designed to work with object-oriented programming languages such as Java. Object-Oriented Model Object DBMSs add database functionality to object programming languages. They bring much more than persiste nt storage of programming language objects.Object DBMSs extend the semantics of the C++, Smalltalk and Java object programming languages to provide full-featured database programming capability, while retaining native language compatibility. A major benefit of this approach is the unification of the application and database development into a seamless data model and language environment. As a result, applications require less code, use more natural data modeling, and code bases are easier to maintain. Object developers can write complete database applications with a modest amount of additional effort.The object-oriented database (OODB) paradigm is the combination of object-oriented programming language (OOPL) systems and persistent systems. The power of the OODB comes from the seamless treatment of both persistent data, as found in databases, and transient data, as found in executing programs. In contrast to a relational DBMS where a complex data structure must be flattened out to f it into tables or joined together from those tables to form the in-memory structure, object DBMSs have no performance bash to store or retrieve a web or hierarchy of interrelated objects.This one-to-one mapping of object programming language objects to database objects has two benefits over other storage approaches it provides higher performance management of objects, and it enables better management of the complex interrelationships between objects. This makes object DBMSs better suited to support applications such as financial portfolio risk analysis systems, telecommunications service applications, world wide web document structures, design and manufacturing systems, and hospital patient record systems, which have complex relationships between data.

Charities Essay

The legal definition of charity has historically been somewhat elusive and stands distinct from some(prenominal) understanding of charity in a commonplace or popular sense. As Lord Wright observed, in its legal sense the word charitable is a word of art, of precise and technical meaning1. Viscount Simmonds further remarked that, no comprehensive definition of legal charity has been given each by legislature or in judicial utterance, there is no limit to the number and diversity of ways in which man will seek to benefit his fellow workforce.The Preamble to the Charitable Uses lay out 1601, also referred to as the Statute of Elizabeth I, contained a list of occasions which were then regarded as charitable. It assumed a central role for the courts as a reference point or catalogue of accepted instances of charity until almost 300 years later when Lord MacNaughten in the Pemsel grimace, famously separate charitable objects into four principal divisions (i) trusts for the relief of poverty, (ii) trusts for the advancement of education, (iii) trusts for the advancement of pietism, (iv) trusts advantageous to the community not falling under each of the preceding heads.These four heads of charity were used as reference whenever the inherent charitable nature of a utilization or institution was questi angiotensin converting enzymed until the Charities Act 2006 received royal assent. Section 2(2) of the 2006 Act now provides a modern statutory definition of charity by listing 13 descriptions of purposes deemed charitable at rectitude. In order to be charitable, an organization has to be established for one or more purposes within the descriptions fared by the faithfulness as capable of universe charitable, and for the world benefit.Charity law in England and Wales has developed within the context of the traditional monotheistic theologys but it has embraced for m each years religions other than Christianity and Judaism. In Bowman3, Lord Parker feelin gively held that it was not only if the advancement of Christianity that would be recognised but that the coquettes of this country were not precluded from giving effect to trusts for the purposes of religions which, however sacred they may be to millions of His Majestys subjects, either deny the truth of Christianity or, at any rate, do not accept some of its fundamental doctrines.Furthermore in the Commissions Scientology4 decision it was securely established that The law does not prefer one religion to another and as between religions the law stands neutral5. The English courts have, for a long time, resisted fast defining what makes some belief systems ghostlike and others not.However in the Scientology case, the Commissioners accepted that there ar various characteristics of religion which can be discerned from the legal governing Belief in a god or a deity or authoritative being R v Registrar General6 Two of the native attributes of religion are faith and worship faith in a god and worship of that god South Place Ethical Society7 To advance religion means to promote it, to spread the message ever wider among mankind to take some positive steps to fend for and increase religious belief and these things are done in a variety of ways which may be comprehensively described as boorish and missionary. United Grand fellowship v Holborn BC8.Having considered these characteristics, the Commissioners concluded that the definition of a religion in English charity law was characterised by a belief in a supreme being and an expression of that belief through worship. This definition is further refined in the 2006 Act where s2 (3) a gives a secernial definition of the word religion.However, the law does not automatically recognise as a religion everything that may designate itself as a religion and there are some principles to which a purpose must conform if it is to be regarded as within the Charities Acts description of the advancement of religion . These general principles are gathered from the putting surface law of England and Wales but also take into account the body of law which has developed concerning the European Convention right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. As a general proposition, for its advancement to be capable of being charitable in this context, a religion should have a certain level of cogency, seriousness, coherence and importance9. as well as, in order to be charitable for the advancement of religion, the content of any system of faith and worship has to be of a positive nature, impacting beneficially on the community. Sir antic Wickens, V-C. in Cocks v Manners10 observed It is state, in some of the cases, that religious purposes are charitable, but that can only be true as to religious go inclineing directly or indirectly towards the instruction or the edification of the nationalHence, to be charitable a religious purpose has to be serious, tend directly or indirectly to the moral a nd spiritual improvement of the public as well as being for the public benefit. In Holmes v lawyer General11 Walton J commented It is not for the benefit of the adherents of the religion themselves that the law confers charitable status, it is in the interests of the public. Hence, as a general proposition, in the case of charities for the advancement of religion the purpose must not simply be for the benefit of the followers of the particular religion. Formerly, the proposition stated that as between different religions the law stands neutral, but it assumes that any religion is at least likely to be better than none12.Plowman J in Re Watson13 considered a case for the publication and dispersion of the fundamentalist Christian writings of an individual where he quoted authority that the court does not prefer one religion or sect to another and said that where the purposes in question are of a religious nature then the court assumes a public benefit unless the contrary is shown. He then went on to say that the only way of disproving a public benefit is to show that the doctrines inculcated are adverse to the very foundations of all religion, and that they are subversive of all morality.However, that part of the judgment being inconsistent with the judgment of the court of appeal and opinions given by the House of Lords in Gilmour v Coats, where it was held the question whether a trust is beneficial to the public is an entirely different one from the question whether a trust is for the advancement of religion, it is not regarded a binding.Since the Charities Act 2006, there is no long-range any presumption that, because a purpose falls within the description the advancement of religion, it is for the public benefit. Section 3(2) of the Act provides In determining whether the public benefit requirement is satisfied in relation to any purpose, it is not to be presumed that a purpose of a particular description is for the public benefit. Hence, with the remot ion of the presumption and in the modern context the proposition may now be interpreted as meaning that advancing religion can be seen as a public good if such(prenominal) advancement can be demonstrated to be in relation to a system having a benign and positive content which is being advanced for the benefit of the public.Over the years, there are some purposes which, despite being beneficial and religious and thence seriously religious, did not fall within the legal framework. For example, fostering private piety, although being a religious activity, is not a charitable purpose collectible to the absence of benefit to the public. In Cocks v Manners14 (supra) it was said that a voluntary association of women for the purpose of working out their own salvation by religious exercises and self-denial seems to have none of the requisites of a charitable institution. In the Re Joy15 case it was held that the real object contemplated by the testator was the non-charitable purpose of im provement of the social station of a society by prayer.Further, in Re White16, it was held that a society for the promotion of private prayer and devotions by its own members and which has no wider scope, no public instalment, and no purpose of general utility would not be charitable. Lord Simonds in the Gilmour17 case later confirmed the decision in Cocks v Manners and said that activities good in themselves but solely designed to benefit individuals associated for the purpose of securing that benefit, which may not have some repercussions or important effects beneficial to some section of the general community do not meet the prerequisites of a charitable institution. In Re Warres depart Trusts, on the matter of a retreat house, Harman J said Activities which do not in any way affect the public or any section of it are not charitable.Pious contemplation and prayer are, no doubt, good for the soul, and may be of benefit by some intercessory process, of which the law takes no no tice, but they are not charitable activities. Thus, in Re Hetherington18 it was held that the celebration of a religious rite in private does not contain the needful element of public benefit since any benefit of prayer or example is incapable of proof in the legal sense and any element of spiritual or moral improvement (edification) is limited to a private not public class of those present at the celebration. However, in the same case it was also held that the holding of a religious service which is open to the public is capable of conferring a sufficient public benefit because of the edifying and improving effect of such celebration on the members of the public who attend. There are also other purposes related to religion whose pursuits have not been considered as charitable because the purpose itself is not exclusively charitable. For example a trust for Roman Catholic purposes may not be for exclusively charitable purposes furthering the Roman Catholic faith19. Also a cave in to an Anglican vicar of a parish for parochial institutions or purpose20 was not considered charitable. A bequest to an archbishop to be applied in any direction he might think best for helping to carry on the work of the Church in Wales21 is not charitable either and neither is a generally stated purpose for religious, educational and other parochial requirements22.On the other hand, In Re Schoales23, it was clarified that there is no specialization, from the point of enamor of validity as a gift for charitable purposes, between a gift to the Church of England and a gift to another Church. A gift for the general purposes of a particular church or denomination or faith community falls are considered in law as a gift which has to be applied only for such of its purposes as are for the advancement of religion for the public benefit, and hence charitable. As mentioned above, charitable purposes require some promotion or advancement that is to spread its message ever wider among mank ind to take some positive steps to sustain and increase religious belief24.Proselytising is one way of advancing religious purposes25 but it may raise public benefit issues if it breaks the law or results in harm or detriment. Therefore, it would not be compatible with public benefit principles for an organisation to seek to inhibit anyone from their rights of freedom of thought, conscience or religion (Article 9 ECHR) and to manifest or change such beliefs. This matter was considered in Kokkinakis v Greece26 and the court in considering attempts to forbid activities of a Jehovahs Witness confirmed that a democratic society has a plurality of beliefs and held that freedom to manifest ones religion includes the right to convince ones neighbor.But, the court drew a clear distinction between bearing Christian witness and improper proselytism by stating that the former was true evangelism and the latter representing a corruption or deformation of it. Furthermore, proselytising being si nful in some countries, the Commission dealt with the issue of whether it was possible to recognise a religious purpose as charitable in England and Wales which is not charitable and may be illegal abroad in its annual report in 1993 which mentioned One should first consider whether they would be regarded as charities if their operations are contain to the United Kingdom.If they would, then they should be presumed also to be charitable even though operating abroad unless it would be contrary to public policy to recognise them. Hence, an organisation whose purpose is to proselytize, even if its activity is carried out internationally, may be charitable in England and Wales unless it causes harm or detriment which outweighs the public benefit. The High Court considered the statement in the Sonsino case27 in 2002 and upheld it. However, it still remains unclear as to what the courts would rule contrary to public policy. Another way of advancing a religion would be by means of undertak ing pastoral work.However, where a charity is operating solely for the purpose of advancement of religion, then any secular pastoral work which it undertakes should be as a means of advancing the particular religion. A convent in Cocks v Manners28 was held charitable and there the nuns were engaged in exterior works (teaching the ignorant and nursing the sick) as part of their religious work.In the United Grand Lodge29 case, Donovan J said that taking positive steps to sustain and increase religious beliefs was something done in a variety of ways which can be comprehensively described as pastoral and missionary. more recently, the Pilsdon Community House, a religious community living according to Christian principles and giving practical help in cases of drug addiction, drink, having been in prison or loneliness was considered in Re Banfield30. The court held that the fact that a religious community makes its services available to those of all creeds and of none does not prevent i t being a charity for the advancement of religion also that furthering the purposes of the community amounted to the advancement of religion.

Respect Essay

Respect Respect can be defined as a positive feeling of esteem for a person or entity. It denotes the take in and consideration shown by an individual towards some others. Respect cannot be demanded, it is an asset that has to be earned. From the very fryhood kids are taught to follow their kick upstairss, elders, teachers and an unending list of social obligations. just now an ambiguity arises when the teachings do no match the practical experiences. Children find it hard to respect certain persons or the same person in differing situations, viz.If a parent generally behaves positively with the children, it is normal for the child to reciprocate and show the same behaviour. But the anomaly arises when a parent confront or scold the child to make him understand a certain thing. The child wants to reciprocate his behaviour but the parent defies his behaviour and tells the child to respect him. Here the respect is tested to be imposed and not earned. This is a contradiction to re spect. Nobody can earn respect by suppression or by flaunting power.It is a reflect action that cannot be forced upon others. There is an individualistic form of respect as well, which is well known as self-respect. If an individual cannot respect himself, he cannot respect perpetuallyy other person. A feeling of worth and rational judgement gives rise to self respect. Respect plays a roll in our every day lives. When we go to school, theres respect. When we go to a restaurant, theres respect. When you go to your family reunion, there is respect. You may not notice it, but thats only because they are being reverent to you .If your not respectful and so you will be disrespected because your being mean. So you should al centerings be respectful to others so they will treat you the way you want to be treated. If you are respectful to others then you can get good jobs because theyll like you. The better the job is the better your life will be in the future, and trust me you want a good and happy future. Jobs will get you money for your great future. So always try to advance to a higher paying job. So respect can do lots of things that will help us with our future.So never stop caring Respect isnt the only right thing to do, but is also the best way to make a lot of friends. You being respectful will help you from being depressed from loneliness. You should be honest, kid, nice, gentle, relaxed, and happy to make friends. The rallying cry respect is a word to summarize all of the things above and plenty more. Things like being quite while someone is talking, or not bothering someone when theyre in bad mood. I see respect all the time, thats what makes every thing so easy to do and no one gets sad.If I ever saw someone get knocked over and there stuff is on the ground scattered all over, I would definitely help him pick it up. Because other wise I would feel bad watching them pick it up all by themselves. Always treat others the way you would want to be treat ed. This way you will be respected and loved. My definition of respect is being nice, generous, and helpful. Because all of those things can be the best things to do if you want to be respectful, which you should always be. So next time I talk in class out of turn, I will remember this five page essay on respect.

Determination of Interest Rates Essay

Interest rates are the payments one makes to another as the address of borrowing funds. Interest rates should be adequate to different borrowers under the same prevailing scotch conditions. Various factors come into play to determine the interest rate to be paid by a borrower. This paper explores the factors used in determining the prevailing interest rates. Among the factors used to determine interest rates are credit quality, local and world economic and political conditions (Lando 143).In addition, the demand and supply of funds also determine the interest rates set on borrowings. The borrower always has a feeling that the interests supercharged are the best deal and that better returns will accrue from the funds borrowed. In the same manner, the lender should also feel the interest charged would look at the best returns. Credit quality refers to the capability of investors to pay under a given economic situation. Interest rates are charged in need proportionality to credit quality (Singleton et al 56).Big businesses and government can easily pay for the loans borrowed plus the interests charged. An investor may also compare the opportunity cost of money over a given period. The economic condition may be in a state of either inflation or deflation, forcing the lender to consider the opportunity cost of funds over a given period. An increase in inflation rate results in an increased rate since the expect inflation rate is also accounted for in the rates set (Sullivan et al 505-506).For instance, if in a situation without inflation, the interest rate is 4%, then this becomes 7% if the inflation rate is 3%. The declining value of collateral due to inflation may affect a borrowers ability to pay. This will increase the risks associated with the quittance ability of the borrower. The higher risks are therefore included in the interest rate charged. Political subsidies by governments also influence interest rates.Governments can start the interest rates o n borrowers by subsidizing certain loans such as college student loans, public housing loans, and other public work program loans. cobblers last Interest rates, the excess on a borrowed money paid to the lender by the borrower, is determined by many factors. The main factor is the prevailing economic conditions. These could be inflation or deflation. The government may also subsidize certain type of borrowers to motivate them to borrow. The ability of the borrower to pay, the credit quality, is also a springy determinant of interest rates.